fork() in C | GeeksforGeeks

2025.05.14 23:41

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fork() in C

Last Updated : 12 May, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report

The Fork system call is used for creating a new process in Linux, and Unix systems, which is called the child process , which runs concurrently with the process that makes the fork() call (parent process). After a new child process is created, both processes will execute the next instruction following the fork() system call.

The child process uses the same pc(program counter), same CPU registers, and same open files which use in the parent process. It takes no parameters and returns an integer value.

Below are different values returned by fork().

Negative Value : The creation of a child process was unsuccessful, then it returns -1. Zero : Returned to the newly created child process. Positive value : Returned to parent or caller. The value contains the process ID of the newly created child process.

Note: fork() is threading based function, to get the correct output run the program on a local system.

Also, if you’re interested in understanding process control and memory allocation in C, the C Programming Course Online with Data Structures covers these topics in depth.

Please note that the below programs don’t compile in a Windows environment.

Example of fork() in C

C #include stdio.h #include sys/types.h #include unistd.h int main () { // make two process which run same // program after this instruction pid_t p = fork (); if ( p 0 ){ perror ( fork fail ); exit ( 1 ); } printf ( Hello world!, process_id(pid) = %d \n , getpid ()); return 0 ; }
Output Hello world!, process_id(pid) = 31 Hello world!, process_id(pid) = 32

Example 2: Calculate the number of times hello is printed.

C #include stdio.h #include sys/types.h #include unistd.h int main () { fork (); fork (); fork (); printf ( hello \n ); return 0 ; }
Output hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello

Explanation

The number of times ‘hello’ is printed is equal to the number of processes created. Total Number of Processes = 2 n , where n is the number of fork system calls. So here n = 3, 2 3 = 8 Let us put some label names for the three lines:

fork (); // Line 1
fork (); // Line 2
fork (); // Line 3
L1 // There will be 1 child process
/ \ // created by line 1.
L2 L2 // There will be 2 child processes
/ \ / \ // created by line 2
L3 L3 L3 L3 // There will be 4 child processes
// created by line 3

So there is a total of eight processes (new child processes and one original process). If we want to represent the relationship between the processes as a tree hierarchy it would be the following:

Main process: P0 Processes created by the 1st fork: P1 Processes created by the 2nd fork: P2, P3 Processes created by the 3rd fork: P4, P5, P6, P7

Example 3: Predict the Output of the following program.

C #include stdio.h #include stdlib.h #include sys/types.h #include unistd.h void forkexample () { pid_t p ; p = fork (); if ( p 0 ) { perror ( fork fail ); exit ( 1 ); } // child process because return value zero else if ( p == 0 ) printf ( Hello from Child! \n ); // parent process because return value non-zero. else printf ( Hello from Parent! \n ); } int main () { forkexample (); return 0 ; }
Output Hello from Parent! Hello from Child!

Note: In the above code, a child process is created. fork() returns 0 in the child process and positive integer in the parent process. Here, two outputs are possible because the parent process and child process are running concurrently. So we don’t know whether the OS will first give control to the parent process or the child process.

Parent process and child process are running the same program, but it does not mean they are identical. OS allocates different data and states for these two processes, and the control flow of these processes can be different. See the next example:

Example 4: Predict the Output of the following program.

C #include stdio.h #include stdlib.h #include sys/types.h #include unistd.h void forkexample () { int x = 1 ; pid_t p = fork (); if ( p 0 ){ perror ( fork fail ); exit ( 1 ); } else if ( p == 0 ) printf ( Child has x = %d \n , ++ x ); else printf ( Parent has x = %d \n , -- x ); } int main () { forkexample (); return 0 ; }
Output Parent has x = 0 Child has x = 2

or

Output

Child has x = 2
Parent has x = 0

Here, global variable change in one process does not affect two other processes because the data/state of the two processes is different. And also parent and child run simultaneously so two outputs are possible.

fork() vs exec()

The fork system call creates a new process. The new process created by fork() is a copy of the current process except for the returned value. On the other hand, the exec() system call replaces the current process with a new program.

Problems based on C fork()

1. A process executes the following code

C for ( i = 0 ; i n ; i ++ ) fork ();

The total number of child processes created is (GATE-CS-2008)

(A) n
(B) 2^n – 1
(C) 2^n
(D) 2^(n+1) – 1

See this for a solution.

2. Consider the following code fragment:

C if ( fork () == 0 ) { a = a + 5 ; printf ( %d, %d \n , a , & a ); } else { a = a – 5 ; printf ( %d, %d \n , a , & a ); }

Let u, v be the values printed by the parent process, and x, y be the values printed by the child process. Which one of the following is TRUE? (GATE-CS-2005)

(A) u = x + 10 and v = y
(B) u = x + 10 and v != y
(C) u + 10 = x and v = y
(D) u + 10 = x and v != y

See this for a solution.

3. Predict the output of the below program.

C #include stdio.h #include unistd.h int main () { fork (); fork () && fork () || fork (); fork (); printf ( forked \n ); return 0 ; }

See this for the solution

Related Articles :

C program to demonstrate fork() and pipe() Zombie and Orphan Processes in C fork() and memory shared b/w processes created using it

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